Abstract

Introduction: There is no global consensus on the relationship of dairy products with cardiovascular diseases. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of the consumption of dairy products on cardiovascular diseases, including stroke and coronary heart disease (CHD). Methods: Important electronic databases such as the Scopus, Science Direct, and PubMed were evaluated up to September 2014. All prospective cohort studies that evaluated the relationship between dairy products consumption and cardiovascular diseases were included regardless of their publication date and language. The study participants were evaluated regardless of age, sex, and ethnicity. The STROBE checklist was used to assess quality of the study. Two investigators separately selected the studies and extracted the data. The designated effects were risk ratio (RR) and hazard ratio (HR). The random effect model was used to combine the results. Results: Meta-analysis was performed on 27 studies. There were 8648 cases of cardiovascular diseases (CVD), 11806 cases of CHD, and 29300 cases of stroke. An inverse association was found between total dairy intake and CVD (RR=0.90, 95% CI: 0.81-0.99) and stroke (RR=0.88, 95% CI: 0.82-0.95) while no association was observed between total dairy intake and CHD. The total diary intake was associated with decreased mortality of stroke (RR=0.80, 95% CI: 0.76-0.83) although it had no association with its incidence (RR=0.96, 95% CI: 0.88-1.04). Conclusion: This is the first meta-analysis of the relationship of total dairy intake with CVD. This study showed an inverse relationship between total dairy intake and CVD while no relationship was found for CHD. Considering the limited number of studies in this regard, more studies are required to investigate the effect of different factors on the association of dairy intake and CVD.

Highlights

  • There is no global consensus on the relationship of dairy products with cardiovascular diseases

  • Since no meta-analysis has evaluated the effect of total dairy intake on cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and the available studies have either addressed dairy consumption and stroke, or the number of the studies or their exposures are limited,[23,24,25] It seems that a meta-analysis is essential to summarize the previous studies

  • Five studies[32,33,34,35,36,37] were excluded due to reporting the results of the populations of other studies[13,16,18,37] and 30 studies were excluded because they did not report the data required for evaluating the relationship between dairy intake and CVD

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Summary

Introduction

There is no global consensus on the relationship of dairy products with cardiovascular diseases. According to the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics, an estimated 17.5 million people died from CVDs in 2012, representing 31% of all global deaths Of these deaths, an estimated 7.4 million were due to coronary heart disease (CHD) and 6.7 million were due to stroke.[1] In 2008, the European Union estimated that the direct and indirect costs related to CVD were €192 billion.[2] CVD includes CHD and the diseases related to cerebral vessels[3] (3) and is almost responsible for half of deaths in developed and 25% of deaths in developing countries.[4] Despite the decrease of mortality from CVD in developed countries since 1970, its mortality is on the rise in developing countries.[5] Different factors have been suggested as the causes of CVD, including behavioral risk factors related to unhealthy diet and obesity, lack of physical activity, excess alcohol consumption, and smoking, among which inappropriate diet is the most important.[6,7] Dairy products are a major source of energy, protein, and calcium. This study was conducted to summarize the results of the previous studies in order to reach a single conclusion

Methods
Results
Conclusion

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