Abstract
Chloride ions were found to potentially increase activity of cerussite surfaces. Dissolution experiments, zeta potential measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies, and density functional theory (DFT) computation were conducted in this study. Dissolution experiments showed that the lead ion concentrations in the NaCl solution system were lower than those in the deionized water system and that the lead ion concentrations in NaCl + Na2S aqueous systems decreased by approximately one order of magnitude compared with that in the Na2S system alone. Results of zeta potential measurements revealed that the pretreatment with chloride ions of cerussite caused a more positive zeta potential than that without chloride ions. XPS analysis results indicated that the number of lead ions on the mineral surface increased after cerussite was treated with chloride ions. Results of DFT computation implied that the number of lead atoms on the mineral surface increased and that the activity improved after PbCl+ was adsorbed onto the cerussite surface. The contribution of chloride ions to the activity on the mineral surface is attributed to the increase in the number of active sites and enhancement in the activity of these sites, resulting in improved sulfidization and flotation performance.
Highlights
IntroductionLead sulfide ores cannot meet the requirements of lead smelting; lead oxide resources must be efficiently utilized to address the imbalance between metal lead supply and demand [1,2,3]
Lead oxide minerals are an important lead resource, and cerussite is a typical lead oxide mineral.With increasing lead consumption, lead sulfide ores cannot meet the requirements of lead smelting; lead oxide resources must be efficiently utilized to address the imbalance between metal lead supply and demand [1,2,3]
The mechanisms of increased activity on the cerussite surface induced by chloride ions were investigated through dissolution experiments, potential surface measurements, analysis,ions and were
Summary
Lead sulfide ores cannot meet the requirements of lead smelting; lead oxide resources must be efficiently utilized to address the imbalance between metal lead supply and demand [1,2,3]. Sulfidization flotation has been the most commonly and commercially used method for concentration and pretreatment of lead oxide minerals, and the most critical stage in this process is sulfidization [4,5,6]. Only the surface sulfidization method is available because of technical and economic conditions. This method continues to exhibit deficiencies, such as low sulfidization efficiency, weak sulfidization products, abundant dosage of sulfidization agents and collectors, as well as low lead recovery. Surface sulfidization reinforcement is crucial to concentrate lead oxide minerals by flotation
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