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Abstract
Diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) affects hundreds of millions of people globally and costs billions of dollars each year. The importance of research toward prevention and treatment of this disease cannot be overestimated. Butyric acid is a short chain fatty acid that has been shown in mice and in intestinal cell culture studies to increase insulin sensitivity at the level of gene expression. However, little or no work has been reported on its effects on human liver cells. The present study determined the changes in gene expression of glucose transporter 2 (GLUT2) and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS1) on insulin shocked THLE-2 human liver cells exposed in vitro to the following concentrations of butyric acid in mg/ml: 0.05, 0.1, and 1.0. GLUT2 and IRS1 had increases in expression at doses of butyric acid previously found to be nontoxic in human serum. This work indicates that more studies involving the effects of butyric acid on gene expression of insulin resistant human hepatocytes are warranted.
Highlights
The World Health Organization projects that diabetes mellitus will be the seventh leading global cause of death by 2030 [1]
This study indicated that butyric acid can have affects at the level of gene expression
Intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) increased and it was hypothesized that its activity was likely responsible for the increases in activities of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 1 (PCK1) and G6PC since the activity of one gene can affect others. As this barely touches the surface of the many genes involved in insulin pathways and glucose metabolism, this study indicates that there is much more to be understood as to the effects of butyric acid on genes of various cell types involved in the metabolism of glucose
Summary
The World Health Organization projects that diabetes mellitus will be the seventh leading global cause of death by 2030 [1] This disease already contributes to billions of dollars spent, with 80% of deaths from diabetes mellitus occurring in low and middle income countries where this money is not readily available. One component of a healthy diet that shows great promise in preventing and treating diabetes mellitus type 2 (DMT2) is butyric acid. This short chain fatty acid is found naturally in milk and butter, but can be fermented in the intestines by genera of bacteria such as Roseburia, Faecalibacterium, and Eubacterium in people who consume diets high in fiber [2,3,4,5]. Increased levels of butyric acid in the intestine have been correlated with increased insulin sensitivity in research involving mice, human tissue culture, and in human studies directly
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