Abstract
Introduction: Purposeful heading is a unique footballing skill where the head is deliberately used to re-direct the ball. In Australia, there are approximately 2 million football participants with a total growth rate of 6% (11% in females) from 2018 to 2019. Considering the continued popularity and concerns that frequent heading could have long-term detrimental effects on brain function, player injury prevention has never been more important. Mathematical and head-form models have demonstrated that head impact magnitude (including peak linear acceleration and angular velocity of the head) during heading can be influenced by ball characteristics (mass and pressure), however, few human trials exist.
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