Abstract

According to the assumptions of the European Union, by 2050 it is planned to achieve climate neutrality. For this purpose, a document called the “European Green Deal” was established, which is a set of policies of the European Commission. One of the assumptions is a circular economy that takes into account the use of waste in subsequent production cycles. In order to meet the latest trends in environmentally friendly materials and use of waste in the production of building materials, composites of rigid polyurethane foam with 10 wt.% of waste were produced. Fly ash from coal combustion after modification was used as a filler. Three types of modifications were used: silanization, sieving, and both processes together. The silanization process was carried out for 1 and 2% silane ([3-(2-aminoethylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane) concentration in relation to the fly ash mass. The sieving was aimed at reaching a fraction with a particle diameter below 75 µm. Six composites with modified fillers were compared and one material containing unchanged fly ash was used as a reference. A comparative analysis was carried out on the basis of surface analysis, thermal stability and physical properties. It turned out that the polyurethane materials modified fly ash silanized with 1% and 2% silane solution proved the best results in performed tests. On the other hand, the polyurethane foam containing sieved ash was characterized by the lowest flammability and the lowest emission of smoke and CO. The use of modified fly ash in technology of polyurethane foams can be a good method of its disposal and can increase the applicability of the composites.

Highlights

  • The sieved fillers, i.e., PFA, 1SPFA, 2SPFA were characterized by the smallest amo of carbon, about 30% less unburned carbon particles compared to the Fly ash (FA) filler

  • limitation of the oxygen index (LOI) results were found for rigidmaximum polyurethane, time to pHRR (T-pHRR), fire growth rate (FIGRA), maximum average rate foams containing rate fly ash

  • The foams containing sieving fly ash (PU_PFA, PU_1SPFA, PU_2SPFA) were characterized by higher apparent density, water absorption and friability compared to the other samples

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Summary

Characterization of Filler and Its Modification

Fly ash (FA) from the combustion of coal is used as a filler. According to data provided from manufacturer the ash has category A (taking into account the loss on ignition). The filler particles size are varied from a category A (taking into account the loss on ignition). Conventional fly ash is ash charunmodified form and after the silanization and sieving process. Conventional fly is acterized by the presence of unburned porous carbon particles characterized by the presence of unburned porous carbon particleswhich whichcould couldaffect affect the the flammability flammability of of the the material. The fly ash was modified by sieving and silanizing it. Itit was was decided decided to to modify modify the the fly fly ash, ash, which consisted in screening and separating the fraction below μm. 618 standard, standard, it is is classified classified as as an an ash ash of of the thegroup group F

Figure
It can be perfor using
Preparation of
Preparation of Modified Polyurethane
Methods
Foaming Characteristics of Polyurethane Composites
Properties of Polyurethane Composites
Dependence
Thermal Properties of Polyurethane
Cone calorimeter
Conclusions
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