The effect of anticholinergic drugs on cognition of patients with Parkinson’s disease: a cohort study from the Egyptian population

Abstract

ABSTRACT Background Cognitive dysfunction is a non-motor manifestation of Parkinson’s disease (PD). We aimed to determine the frequency and patterns of cognitive dysfunction in treated patients with PD and their predictors. Research design and methods This study included 80 patients (male = 48; female = 32) and 30 healthy individuals. They underwent neuropsychiatric evaluations. Measurements included Beck’s depression inventory – II (BDI-II), mini-mental state examination (MMSE) and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA). Results Patients had mean age of 55.56 ± 9.06 yrs, duration of PD of 4.86 ± 2.71 yrs and Hoehn and Yahr Scoring of 2.19 ± 0.89. They were on levodopa/carbidopa therapy and adjuvant therapy with benztropine mesylate, an anticholinergic drug, (n = 51) or amantadine sulfate, a dopaminergic drug, (n = 29). Sixteen (20%) had moderate depressive symptoms. Mild and moderate cognitive impairments were reported in 38.8% and 28.8% (by MMSE) and 46.3% and 31.3% (by MoCA). Patients had lower global cognitive scoring (p = 0.0001) and scorings of different cognitive functions (naming, attention, language, abstraction, memory and orientation) than controls. Patients treated with benztropine had lower cognition than with amantadine. Correlation analyses showed that lower cognition was only associated with chronic PD and its treatment (p = 0.0001). Conclusions Cognitive dysfunction is common with PD (77.5%) particularly with anticholinergic drugs. De-prescription of anticholinergics is recommended for patients with PD.