Abstract

To investigate the formation and absorption of lycopene (LYC) metabolites in the human upper gastrointestinal lumen, in the absence and presence of iron. Healthy males (n = 7) consumed test meals that deliver ≈22mg LYC + ≈0.3mg apo-lycopenals from oleoresin without (-FeSO4 ) and with ferrous sulfate (160mg, +FeSO4 ). Subjects were intubated with a naso-gastric/naso-duodenal tube. Digesta, blood plasma, and the triglyceride-rich lipoprotein (TRL) fractions of plasma were analyzed using LC-MS/MS, to measure LYC and apo-lycopenoids. Digesta LYC concentrations increased with time (p = 1.2×10-7 ), decrease with time×iron (p = 1.1×10-5 ), and remain ≈200× higher than apo-lycopenals/lycopenone. Digesta apo-8'-, -10'-, -12'-, -14'-, -15-lycopenal, and apo-13-lycopenone concentrations increased with time (p <0.01), apo-12'-, -14'-, -15-lycopenal, apo-13-lycopenone increase with iron (p <0.05), and time×iron decrease apo-8'-, -10'-, -12'-, -14'-, -15-lycopenal, apo-13-lycopenone concentrations (p <0.01). A 1.9-fold decrease in LYC TRL area-under-the-time-concentration-curve is observed after the test meal +FeSO4 versus the test meal -FeSO4 (p = 0.02). Apo-lycopenals were detected in later TRL fractions, and no apo-lycopenols or apo-lycopenoic acids were observed in any samples. FeSO4 reduces LYC absorption. Apo-lycopenals appear to be absorbed from foods, and not made in significant quantities during digestion.

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