Abstract
The change in variances in microwave distance measurements and in angle observations obtained on different terrain and under different meteorological conditions is investigated. The value of reading the wet bulb thermometer plays the main role in determining the accuracy of the refractive index. A simplified formula is derived for the calculation of the standard deviation of the measured distance in ppm at different dry and wet bulb thermometer readings. The formula is applicable to all wet bulb readings above the melting point. Geodetic triangle misclosure and its variance in three extensive samples were statistically analyzed. The samples were chosen according to the type of terrain covered. It was found that side refraction and deflection of the vertical contaminated the chosen samples and that hypothesis of equal variances in such samples cannot be statistically accepted. Accordingly, relative variances in angle measurements are recommended for consideration for the simultaneous adjustment of large geodetic networks.
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