Abstract
This study investigates the impact of agriculture, renewable energy production, and globalization on CO2 emissions in Turkey between 1970 and 2017 using the Gregory–Hansen cointegration test, bootstrap autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) approach, fully modified ordinary least squares, and dynamic ordinary least squares long-run estimators. The political, social, and economic KOF indices are used as explanatory variables. The results of the Gregory–Hansen cointegration test and bootstrap ARDL approach indicate a cointegration relationship between the variables. The long-run estimators reveal that agriculture, renewable energy production, and economic globalization increase environmental pollution. Therefore, this study confirms the undesirable impact of these variables on CO2 emissions. The positive economic globalization coefficient indicates that the scale effect is valid in Turkey. In addition, the crisis in 2001 slowed the economic growth rate in the country, which decreased environmental pollution. Based on the findings of this study, various recommendations are provided for Turkish policymakers.
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