The effect of aerobic exercise on oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis with trial sequential analysis

Abstract

Purpose The purpose of this study was to investigate how aerobic exercise affects oxidative stress (OS) in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Methods Retrieval dates range from the date the database was established to 19 July 2023, without languages being restricted. A meta-analysis and sensitivity analysis were conducted using RevMan 5.3 and Stata 16.0. Results The meta-analysis showed that, compared to usual activity or no exercise, aerobic exercise significantly reduced the oxidative markers malondialdehyde (MDA) (mean differences (MD) − 0.96 (95% CI −1.33, − 0.59); p < 0.00001), advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) (MD − 3.49 (95% CI − 5.05, − 1.93); p < 0.00001), F2-isoprostanes (F2-iso) (MD − 11.02 (95% CI − 17.79, − 4.25); p = 0.001). Aerobic exercise also increased the antioxidant marker superoxide dismutase (SOD) in CKD patients (standardized mean differences (SMD) 1.30 (95% CI 0.56, 2.04); p = 0.0005). Subgroup analysis showed a significant increase in glutathione peroxidase (GPX) in patients aged ≥60 years (SMD 2.11 (95% CI 1.69, 2.54); p < 0.00001). The change in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) after aerobic exercise was insignificant in patients with CKD. The trial sequential analysis supported aerobic exercise’s effectiveness in improving MDA, SOD, AOPP, and F2-iso in patients with CKD. Conclusion The results of this review suggest that aerobic exercise improves OS indicators (MDA, SOD, AOPP, and F2-iso) in CKD patients compared to conventional treatment or no exercise and that the effects on GPX and TAC indicators need further confirmation. For better validation of benefits and exploration of the best aerobic exercise regimen to improve OS status with CKD, further studies with high methodological quality and large sample sizes are needed.