Abstract
Abstract This study compared the chemical composition and hygienic quality of Finnish organic and conventional milk. The composition and quality of milk from 126 Finnish organic and conventional farms from January 2000 to November 2001 were investigated. Finnish organic milk contained significantly less fat, and protein, and had a lower total bacterial count than conventional milk. Organic milk contained significantly more lactose and had a similar, or higher, somatic cell count and a similar, or lower, urea content than conventional milk. Although the differences between organic and conventional milk are rather small, they are of economical significance in large-scale cheese manufacture. This study also determined the effects of the exclusion of nitrate and the introduction of a protective culture on the microbiological safety and the counts of Listeria and non-pathogenic enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) in organic Edam cheese. Nitrate failed to inhibit the growth of EHEC and Listeria . Thus, compared to Edam cheese from conventional milk, Edam cheese from organic milk without added KNO 3 poses no additional health risk with respect to Listeria and EHEC. The use of a protective culture containing Lactobacillus rhamnosus LC705, however, inhibited the growth of Listeria in Edam cheeses from organic milk.
Highlights
Metastatic bone lesions are commonly associated with breast and prostate cancers, affecting approximately 65–80% of patients with an advanced disease [1]
Our results demonstrate that ALNinduced inhibition of invasion/migration, and disruption of F-actin organization in prostate cancer cells were associated with markedly lowered levels of cofilin protein in vitro, and in an in vivo tumor model
The effect of ALN on actin and paxillin dynamics was studied using fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) with GFP-actin or GFP-paxillin-transfected PC-3 cells. 48 hours after transfection, PC-3 cells were treated with 10-11 or 10-5 M ALN for 3 hours
Summary
Metastatic bone lesions are commonly associated with breast and prostate cancers, affecting approximately 65–80% of patients with an advanced disease [1]. Nitrogen-containing BPs (N-BPs; e.g. alendronate (ALN) and zoledronate) www.oncotarget.com are more effective inhibitors of bone resorption, and their effects are largely mediated via inhibition of the mevalonate pathway and isoprenylation of important small GTPases such as the Ras, Rac and Rho family proteins [6]. Both farnesyl diphosphate synthase [7, 8] and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase [9] have been identified as N-BP targets in osteoclasts. In vivo N-BPs have immunomodulatory [20,21,22], apoptotic, antimetastatic and tumor growth inhibiting effects [17, 23, 24]
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