The effect of a fruit-rich diet on liver biomarkers, insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a randomized clinical trial

Abstract

Background Despite confirmed dietary approaches to improve the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD), the effect of fruits on NAFLD is not clear. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of a fruit rich diet (FRD) on liver steatosis, liver enzymes, Insulin resistance, and lipid profile in patients with NAFLD. Methods Eighty adults with NAFLD participated in this randomized controlled trial. The participants were randomly assigned to the FRD group with consumption of at least 4 servings of fruits daily or the control group with fruits consumption of less than 2 servings/day. The grade of steatosis, serum levels of liver enzymes including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), total cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), glucose, and homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were measured at the baseline and at the end of the study. Results After 6 months of intervention, the FRD group had significantly higher BMI (31.40 ± 2.61 vs. 25.68 ± 2.54, p < .001), WC (113.5 ± 10.7 vs. 100.5 ± 7.5, p < .001), the grade of steatosis, ALT (89.1 ± 92.9 vs. 32.0 ± 19.2, p < .001), AST (74.5 ± 107.8 vs. 24.0 ± 8.5, p < .001), ALP (273.4 ± 128.5 vs. 155.0 ± 43.9, p < .001), GGT (92.7 ± 16.2 vs. 21.2 ± 7.7, p < .001), TC (206.1 ± 40.5 vs. 172.7 ± 42.4, p < .01), LDL (126.9 ± 32.3 vs. 99.8 ± 29.8, p < .001), glucose (115.5 ± 30.0 vs. 97.7 ± 19.0, p < .01), and insulin resistance (7.36 ± 4.37 vs. 2.66 ± 1.27, p < .001), and lower HDL (41.4 ± 8.9 vs. 53.8 ± 15.1, p < .001) compared to the control group. Adjusting for BMI and calorie intake did not change the results. Conclusion The results of the present study indicated that consumption of fruits more than 4 servings/day exacerbates steatosis, dyslipidemia, and glycemic control in NAFLD patients. Further studies are needed to identify the underlying mechanisms of the effects of fruits on NAFLD. Clinical trial registration This trial was registered at Iranian randomized clinical trial website with IRCT registration no. IRCT20201010048982N1on October 15, 2020.