Abstract
Abstract Introduction Root-scaling procedures on the root surface show to increase root surface roughness during instrumentation. The use of a prophylactic paste reduces the roughness. Objetive This study evaluated the influence of prophylaxis paste on the surface roughness of root dentin after hand instruments (HI), ultrasonic scalers (US) and rotational instruments (RI) were applied to root surfaces. Material and method Fifty bovine roots were prepared and randomly divided into 10 groups (n=5) in which instrumentation with HI, US, or RI was carried out with or without prophylaxis using either conventional or 3% hydroxyapatite paste; additionally, a control group without treatment was included. The Ra and Rz roughness values were measured using a perfilometer. The morphological aspects of the root surfaces were analysed qualitatively by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). Result The scaling method and the prophylaxis procedure significantly influenced (p < 0.05) root surface roughness. Treatment with US and prophylaxis with 3% hydroxyapatite paste resulted in lower values of Ra (0.14 μm ± 0.02 μm) and Rz (0.89 μm ± 0.18 μm) compared to the other groups. SEM analysis showed smoother and more homogeneous surfaces in the groups with prophylaxis compared to the groups without prophylaxis. There were no substantial differences between the results of applying different pastes. Conclusion The prophylaxis procedure performed with the experimental paste containing 3% hydroxyapatite reduced the roughness of root surfaces treated with HI, US and RI at the same level as the conventional prophylactic paste.
Highlights
Root-scaling procedures on the root surface show to increase root surface roughness during instrumentation
Scaling procedures performed in non-surgical periodontal treatment have the objective of removing microbial deposits, and when performed efficiently, are associated with the formation of a root surface that reduces the possibility of new accumulation of these deposits[2]
The scaling procedures performed with hand instruments (HI) have been considered the standard treatment for periodontal disease, this procedure is difficult to perform, and the degree of the root surface roughness promoted by this treatment indicates that the root surfaces should be polished after the scaling[16,17], as confirmed by this study
Summary
Periodontal disease is a group of conditions characterized by gingival inflammation and bone resorption. Hand instruments (HI) are the most used tools for non-surgical periodontal treatment, and they have been shown to be efficient in the removal of biofilm and calculus deposits[4]. The efficacy of scaling with HI is highly dependent on the operator’s experience and skill[6] These limitations demonstrate that the use of alternative tools for scaling performed during non-surgical periodontal therapy is required[5,7]. The use of a prophylactic paste can reduce root surface roughness associated with the improvement in dentin microhardness, which can prevent erosion caused by brushing the root surfaces that are exposed after periodontal treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the 3% hydroxyapatite prophylactic paste on root surfaces previously scaled by HI, US, and RI compared to the roughness of the root surfaces polished with a conventional prophylactic paste
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