The effect of a 10% carbamide peroxide bleaching agent on the phosphate concentration of tooth enamel assessed by Raman spectroscopy

Abstract

The study assessed changes in phosphate concentrations of surface enamel treated with a proprietary bleaching agent ('PEROXIDE') containing 10% carbamide peroxide over a 28-day period using Raman spectroscopy. Six non-carious human molar teeth (age range 12-21 years), extracted for orthodontic reasons, were used. From the enamel face of each half tooth, a near flat enamel section, approximately 2 x 2 mm, was cut, providing 12 specimens. Each specimen was treated with 10% carbamide peroxide for 8 h day(-1) for 28 consecutive days, with Raman spectra being obtained prior to bleaching and after 7, 14, 21 and 28 days. Raman spectra were acquired on a confocal LabRam 300 spectrometer fitted with an Olympus B microscope (Olympus, Middlesex, UK). The difference in the maximum peak values for phosphate group concentrations were tested using the Friedman test (non-parametric anova) and Dunn's multiple comparison test. An intense broad band at 980 cm(-1), characteristic of phosphate groupings, was always observed. At 7 and 14 days, and again at 28 days, there was a significant decrease in the phosphate group concentration compared with base-line measurements (P < 0.05) but not at 21 days (P > 0.05). Ideally, bleaching should not be continued to a point where surface enamel is lost, and the present study suggests that a regime using 10% carbamide peroxide should not extend to 7 days.