The effcacy of intranasal leptin for opioid induced respiratory depression depends on sex and obesity state

Abstract

Opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) is the primary cause of death associated with opioids and individuals with obesity are particularly susceptible due to comorbid obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Repeated exposure to opioids, as in the case of pain management, results in diminished therapeutic effect and/or the need for higher doses to maintain the same effect. With limited means to address the negative impact of repeated exposure it is critical to develop drugs that prevent deaths induced by opioids without reducing beneficial analgesia. We have previously shown that intranasal (IN) leptin can reverse apneas, hypoventilation, and upper airway obstruction while enhancing analgesia following acute morphine administration in obese males. Here we hypothesize that OIRD as a result of chronic opioid use can be attenuated by administration of IN leptin while also maintaining analgesia in both lean mice and mice with diet-induced obesity (DIO) of both sexes. To test this hypothesis, an opioid tolerance protocol was developed and a model of OIRD in mice chronically receiving morphine and tolerant to morphine analgesia was established. Subsequently, sleep and breathing were recorded by barometric plethysmography in four experimental groups: obese male, obese female, lean male, and lean female following acute administration of IN leptin. Operant behavioral assays were used to determine the impact of IN leptin on the analgesic effcacy of morphine. Acute administration of IN leptin significantly attenuated OIRD in DIO male mice decreasing the apnea index by 58.9% and apnea time by 60.1%. In lean mice leptin was ineffective. Morphine caused a complete loss of temperature aversion which was not reduced by intranasal leptin indicating IN leptin does not decrease morphine analgesia. We conclude that IN leptin is ineffective in lean mice but prevents OIRD in obesity by increasing hypercapnic sensitivity when leptin resistance at the blood brain barrier is present without reducing analgesia. This work was supported by funding from the National Institutes of Health: R01NS112266 (AL), R01HL128970, R61HL156240, R41DA056239 (VYP), and T32HL110952 (MLS). This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.