Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global public health threat driven by a combination of factors, including antimicrobial use (AMU) and interactions among microorganisms, people, animals and the environment. The emergence and spread of AMR in veterinary medicine (AMR-V) arising from AMU in veterinary medicine (AMU-V) can be linked to individuals' economic behaviour and institutional context. We highlight the limitations of current microeconomic approaches and propose a mesoeconomic conceptual model of AMR-V that integrates actors' strategic and routine behaviours in their context from a dynamic perspective using the concepts of externality, globality and futurity. The global solution to AMR-V management relies on a trade-off between i) the global externality assessment of AMU-V with respect to AMR-V (public perspective) and ii) farm- or value chain-level marginal abatement cost evaluation (private perspective). The improvements realized by the proposed mesoeconomic conceptual model include i) the simultaneous fight against the emergence and spread of AMR-V and ii) a local decrease in AMU-V without any loss of competitiveness for private actors due to the development of adequate production standards. A set of generic equations describing the stepwise change in the scale of analysis is finally proposed. This original contribution to the global challenge of AMR through a mesoeconomic approach bring substantial improvement for better AMU. This model can be considered a way to smoothly promote institutional change and a call for public policies that support public private partnership in the development of adequate incentives. The model requires further development prior to its application in a given value-chain or territory.
Highlights
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in veterinary medicine (AMU-V) plays a crucial role in improving animal health and welfare
We propose to extend the economics of AMU in human medicine (AMU-H) to abovementioned literature focuses on veterinary drugs (AMU-V) to address the 2 limitations mentioned above
The comprehensive mesoeconomic approach to antimicrobial resistance (AMR)-V proposed here includes an economic conceptualization of AMR in veterinary medicine (AMR-V) gathering private and public perspectives, from a public health or a “one health” perspective, that permits the definition and assessment of strategies to contain AMR-V without a loss of competitiveness for the food animal production sector
Summary
Antimicrobial use (AMU) in veterinary medicine (AMU-V) plays a crucial role in improving animal health and welfare. Mesoeconomics overcomes the usual limitations of microeconomics approaches to AMU and considers externality and globality Such a demonstration is provided, which shows that a regional AMU decrease without any loss of competitiveness in the food animal production sector is the optimal solution for society. Before farmers use preventive treatment (AMs or other treatments), they evaluate (i) the risk of disease onset, (ii) the potential economic impact of the disease if it occurs, and (iii) the effectiveness of curative treatment with respect to disease occurrence Such evaluations and consequent AMU depend on farmers' characteristics and preferences. As in human health [12,19], three key concepts (externality, futurity and globality) are proposed here to examine how economics can help in developing innovative responses to AMR-V These three key concepts highlight the needs and potentialities of the mesoeconomic approach
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