The Economic Impact of Lumpy Skin Disease and Cost-Effectiveness of Vaccination for the Control of Outbreaks in Pakistan

Abstract

Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD) may cause major financial damage to farmers. It is a significant barrier to global trade. The Lumpy Skin Disease Virus (LSDV) is a member of the Capri poxvirus genus. The LSD significantly reduces milk production, which might drop from 10 percent to 85%. Consumption of milk and meat has decreased by 60percent to 70percent in Karachi (Pakistan) as a result of LSD usage. Cattle of all species and ages are affected, although lactating cows and young cattle are more at risk. Most LSD outbreaks take place in hot, humid environments when most of the flies that contribute as vectors are present. LSD might be transmitted more quickly by animals. While death is typically low (between 0 and 7%), morbidity ranges from 0.75 to 100%. Lesions can be seen in the reproductive, respiratory, and digestive system tissues. Mastitis, pneumonia, infections of the skin, limping, diarrhea, and myiasis are possible secondary consequences of severe LSD. Consuming milk and meat from diseased animals is dependable and safe. It is vital to choose infection control and preventive techniques. One of the main ways that LSD is spread in areas where it is not endemic is through the restricted mobility of infected animals. Another suggestion for disease control is to reduce the number of insects and vectors. Furthermore, the most effective method for disease control may involve vaccination or immunization with the homologous strain of the LSDV. For control measures to be chosen in time for the LSD to be reduced, diagnosis is therefore of utmost importance and should be rapid and accurate, particularly in endemic regions.