The ecology and conservation of sublittoral hard substratum ecosystems in Scotland

Abstract

SynopsisThe species assemblages which occur on sublittoral hard substrata in Scotland reflect the following major environmental features: physiographic nature of the coastline, salinity, wave exposure, strength of tidal streams and depth modified by factors such as geographical location, geology, local topographical features, artificial substrata, scour, grazing, disturbance and pollution. Sublittoral hard substratum habitats and communities are affected by many of mans' activities including fishing and harvesting, damage by fishing equipment, organic input, nutrient input, chemical inputs, harbours and moorings, and construction work. Energy generation through wave and tidal power are potential threats. Some of mans' activities also create habitats of scientific interest. Conservation of sublittoral hard substratum habitats and communities requires: description of the character and distribution of habitats, communities and species; evaluation of survey information through application of nature conservation criteria; identification of areas/sites of nature conservation importance; establishment of appropriate consultative and statutory frameworks; obtaining information on biology of species, dynamics/longevity of natural communities and species, and mechanisms ‘driving’ communities; evaluation of damage and recovery; evaluation of effects of diffuse pollution; informing, consulting and educating.