Abstract
Unemployment, part-time work, and wage reductions have seriously impaired the economic position of the workingman during the depression. Average money earnings of employed manufacturing wage-earners in 1931 were 18 per cent below 1929; the decline in real earnings was 8 per cent. Money earnings of railroad employees in 1931 were 5 per cent below 1929, but real earnings have increased 7 or 8 per cent. Money earnings declined in 1931 for eight of nine non-manufacturing groups, but increased slightly for public utilities. Earnings of employed clerks and sales persons have apparently declined relatively little from 1929. Wages of farm laborers for 1931 were 30 per cent below the 1929 level.
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