The early African American novel

Abstract

For a long while, or at least up to the early 1980s, the history of the early African American novel could be told in fairly straightforward fashion. The first published novel by an African American writer, critics agreed, was William Wells Brown's Clotel; or, The President's Daughter (1853), which was followed by Frank J. Webb's The Garies and Their Friends(1857) and Martin R. Delany's serialized Blake; or, The Huts of America: A Tale of the Mississippi Valley, the Southern United States, and Cuba (1859, 1861-1862). Some critics also included Linda Brent's Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861) in their histories of the early African American novel. Rounding out that familiar group were the three revisions and reconceptualizations of Clotel that Brown published during the 1860s: the serialized Miralda; or, The Beautiful Quadroon. A Romance of American Slavery, Founded on Fact (1860-1861), Clotelle: A Tale of the Southern States (1864), and Clotelle; or, The Colored Heroine (1867). Then there was supposedly a gap in African American novelistic writing, a “nadir” of sorts, until the publication of Frances Harper's Iola Leroy; or, Shadows Uplifted(1892), which to some extent was inspired by Brown's portrayal of the “colored heroine” in his 1867 Clotelle.