Abstract
dent to the right answer, never permitting wrong answers but exploring all facets and aspects of the material. Our programs are all being written by subject-matter specialists who are currently teaching the subject programmed. Each programmer is encouraged to work through at least a portion of the HollandSkinner Program for the natural science psychology course at Harvard. The programmers thus learn some of the background of the basic principles we are currently attempting to follow while at the same time becoming familiar with the oldest program available. Our conception of the teaching machine is that it is a means by which some aspects of instruction by a tutor are made available to the individual student at his personal convenience. Viewed in this light the teaching machine corresponds to the tutor in the same way that the textbook corresponds to the classroom lecturer. The specific variations in design and form of the teaching machines correspond, in the case of books, to different bindings, size pages, prints, margins, use of diagrams and pictures, and so forth. Just as the student has to be taught
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