Abstract
Plants are permanently situated in a fixed location and thus are well adapted to sense and respond to environmental stimuli and developmental cues. At the cellular level, several of these responses require delicate adjustments that affect the activity and steady-state levels of plasma membrane proteins. These adjustments involve both vesicular transport to the plasma membrane and protein internalization via endocytic sorting. A substantial part of our current knowledge of plant plasma membrane protein sorting is based on studies of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins, which are found at distinct plasma membrane domains and have been implicated in directional efflux of the plant hormone auxin. Here, we discuss the mechanisms involved in establishing such polar protein distributions, focusing on PINs and other key plant plasma membrane proteins, and we highlight the pathways that allow for dynamic adjustments in protein distribution and turnover, which together constitute a versatile framework that underlies the remarkable capabilities of plants to adjust growth and development in their ever-changing environment.
Highlights
Plasma membrane proteins play key roles in mediating responses to the endogenous and environmental cues that regulate various developmental and metabolic events
Bacterial flagellin receptor, BORON TRANSPORTER 1 (BOR1), IRON-REGULATED TRANSPORTER 1 (IRT1) and the PLASMA MEMBRANE INTRINSIC PROTEIN 2 (PIP2) water channel, have shed light on the trafficking mechanisms used in plants. In this Review, we provide an overview of the mechanistic basis of plant plasma membrane protein dynamics and highlight how studies of PINs have contributed to our understanding of vesicular trafficking in the context of plant growth, development and adaptation
CHMP1 proteins, which are predicted to function as regulators of ESCRT-III, and the Arabidopsis AMSH3-type deubiquitinase (DUB) that acts in conjunction with ESCRT-III, were found to be required for the vacuolar sorting of plasma membrane protein cargo including PINs (Spitzer et al, 2009; Isono et al, 2010; Katsiarimpa et al, 2011) (Fig. 4B)
Summary
Plasma membrane proteins play key roles in mediating responses to the endogenous and environmental cues that regulate various developmental and metabolic events. Pharmacological and dominant-negative approaches using the C-terminal HUB domain of CHC, which competes for binding with CLCs, interfere with CME in plant cells (Dhonukshe et al, 2007), and the analysis of Arabidopsis clathrin loss-of-function mutants confirmed these results and revealed a crucial role for CME in bulk endocytosis, with a particular focus on PIN proteins (Dhonukshe et al, 2007; Kitakura et al, 2011; Di Rubbo et al, 2013).
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