Abstract
The human gut-resident commensal microbiota is a unique ecosystem associated with various bodily functions, especially immunity. Gut microbiota dysbiosis plays a crucial role in autoimmune disease pathogenesis as well as in bowel-related diseases. However, the role of the gut microbiota, which causes or influences systemic immunity in autoimmune diseases, remains elusive. Aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a ligand-activated transcription factor, is a master moderator of host-microbiota interactions because it shapes the immune system and impacts host metabolism. In addition, treatment optimization while minimizing potential adverse effects in autoimmune diseases remains essential, and modulation of the gut microbiota constitutes a potential clinical therapy. Here, we present evidence linking gut microbiota dysbiosis with autoimmune mechanisms involved in disease development to identify future effective approaches based on the gut microbiota for preventing autoimmune diseases.
Highlights
Huihui Xu,1 Meijie Liu,1 Jinfeng Cao,1 Xiaoya Li,2,3 Danping Fan,2,3 Ya Xia,2 Xiangchen Lu,2 Jingtao Li,4 Dahong Ju,1 and Hongyan Zhao 1
Rodriguez-Carrio et al investigated potential links among total and specific serum Free fatty acids (FFAs) levels, fecal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) levels, and gut microbiota composition, and the findings revealed that altered gut microbiota composition in Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients is linked to altered SCFA production and increased FFA levels in serum [69]
Metabolites derived from bacteria may be used as potential therapies for both nonintestinal and intestinal autoimmune diseases, and correlations between the gut microbiota and its metabolic signatures may determine a predictive profile for autoimmune disease causation and progression
Summary
All mammals, including humans, emerge into the world from a sterile environment; thereafter, microorganisms gradually colonize the skin, oral cavity, and nasal, genital, respiratory, and alimentary tract surfaces, which are covered by epithelia [1]. The gut microbiota hosted in the gastrointestinal tract, which is the largest host interface exposed to the external environment, comprises approximately two-thirds of the human microbial commensal community [2]. The gut microbiota includes viruses, fungi, protozoa, archaea, and Journal of Immunology Research bacteria [6], the bacterial component is the most studied and maintains a symbiotic relationship with the host. Gut microbiota constituents are divided into another three groups according to their functions, called commensal beneficial microorganisms, potentially sensitive pathogens, and pathogenic bacteria. The highest species diversity and number are observed in the colon, and various factors affect the composition of the human gut microbiota, including but not limited to diet, age, sex, and geographical location [10, 11]. A change in the microbiota during individual ontogeny is mainly influenced by radical changes in diet, application of antibiotics, or probiotics, and diverse diseases [12]
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