Abstract
Tissue regeneration is an active multiplex process involving the dynamic inflammatory microenvironment. Under a normal physiological framework, inflammation is necessary for the systematic immunity including tissue repair and regeneration as well as returning to homeostasis. Inflammatory cellular response and metabolic mechanisms play key roles in the well-orchestrated tissue regeneration. If this response is dysregulated, it becomes chronic, which in turn causes progressive fibrosis, improper repair, and autoimmune disorders, ultimately leading to organ failure and death. Therefore, understanding of the complex inflammatory multiple player responses and their cellular metabolisms facilitates the latest insights and brings novel therapeutic methods for early diseases and modern health challenges. This review discusses the recent advances in molecular interactions of immune cells, controlled shift of pro- to anti-inflammation, reparative inflammatory metabolisms in tissue regeneration, controlling of an unfavorable microenvironment, dysregulated inflammatory diseases, and emerging therapeutic strategies including the use of biomaterials, which expand therapeutic views and briefly denote important gaps that are still prevailing.
Highlights
Tissue regeneration is a fundamental biological task essential for the survival of all organisms
Different types of immune cells and several immune regulators participate in all the phases of tissue repair/regeneration and homeostasis
As discussed in this review, among diverse types of immune cells, monocytes and macrophages are critical players, which secure many functional traits that are critical for the tissue regeneration
Summary
Tissue regeneration is a fundamental biological task essential for the survival of all organisms. A sustained chronic inflammation often impairs the repair/regenerative process and forms fibrosis and scarring It dysregulates normal tissue functions and eventually leads to organ failure and death [4]. Immune cells together clear the cell debris, combat against pathogens, and organize cellular mechanisms Such outset following the stage of new tissue formation takes place within 2-10 days after injury [7]. If the inflammation is not properly resolved, the granulated tissue may transform into scar tissue Both the migrating and local macrophages multiply and undergo remarkable phenotypic and functional modifications towards cytokines and growth factors at a local tissue microenvironment [8, 9]. The biomaterials with unique biochemical and biophysical characteristics can interact with the body and regulate the local tissue microenvironment by modulating the immune system from scarring to total regeneration. Due to the increasing significance of immune-regulating biomaterials in tissue repair and regeneration and therapy of many other diseases, we wish this review can fill up the gap between immunological knowledge and biomaterials and promote the development of tissue microenvironment-modulating biomaterials for better medicinal applications, in particular for tissue repair and regeneration
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
