Abstract
Vegetation dynamics in relation to climatic changes and anthropogenic activities is critical for terrestrial ecosystem management. The objective of this study was to investigate spatiotemporal change of vegetation and their driving forces during growing seasons (between April and October and including the spring, summer and autumn) in the Tumen River Basin (TRB) using Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climate data spanning from 2000 to 2015. A linear regression, Pearson correlation coefficients and the residual trend (RESTREND) was applied for this study. Our results demonstrate that vegetation increased during different periods of the growing season in most of the areas of the TRB over 16 years. Our results demonstrate that vegetation increased during different periods of the growing season in most of the areas of the TRB over 16 years; those in growing season (spring, summer, and autumn) were characterized by the increase in rates by 0.0012/year, 0.0022/year, 0.0011/year, and 0.0019/year, respectively. Forested regions are characterized by the largest increase (0.0021/year) in NDVI compared with other vegetation types across the entire study area. The trends in NDVI across the study area were influenced by both climatic variations and human disturbances. The human activities such as reforestation and agricultural practices are the primary driver, greater than climatic factors, during growing season, including summer and autumn. Temperature and precipitation has had a significant influence on NDVI in a limited area (temp = 0.86%, p < 0.05 and precipitation = 1.93%, p < 0.05) during growing season. The significant role of precipitation on NDVI change throughout growing season and the summer is larger than that of temperature across the TRB, although the influence of the latter becomes most significant during the spring and autumn. The RESTREND method shows that human activity during the growing season, including the spring, summer, and autumn, have led to enhancements in NDVI across more than 70% of the TRB over the last 16 years, with the most significant improvements seen in forested land and farmland. At the same time, a significant reduction in residual (i.e., degraded areas) NDVI values for different growing seasons had characterized farmland and urban land at low altitudes. This study provides important background information regarding the influence of human activities on land degradation and provides a scientific foundation for the development of ecological restoration policies within the TRB. We found that the RESTREND method can be used to detect human drivers of vegetation in the regions with semi-humid and humid monsoon, where the significant correlation between NDVI and climatic factors exists.
Highlights
Vegetation is the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems on earth and plays a critical role in energy exchange as well as water and biogeochemical cycles [1]
The results of this study revealed that inter-annual linear variation in the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and climatic variables for the Tumen River Basin (TRB) are different and heterogeneous depending on time during the growing season between 2000 and 2015 (Figure 2)
Data shows that fluctuations in the NDVI are manifested differently in different time periods of growing season, and that trends in this index have tended to increase throughout this period
Summary
Vegetation is the dominant component of terrestrial ecosystems on earth and plays a critical role in energy exchange as well as water and biogeochemical cycles [1]. A limited number of studies to date have been performed to monitor vegetation change and the responses of this land cover type to climate at various spatial scales, including global [5], national [3,4], and provincial [6], as well as on plateaus [7] and within basins [8,9]. All of these previous studies utilized the time series Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) obtained from satellite remote sensing (RS); this index is known to be significantly correlated with biomass, photosynthetic capacity, the leaf area index (LAI), and net primary productivity (NPP) [10]. Precipitation is known to be more important than temperature as a climatic variable influencing changes in vegetation cover in arid and semi-arid regions [2,9,14], and it has been suggested that the relationship between the NDVI and temperature is more marked than that between this index and precipitation in temperate monsoonal climate regions [15]
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a callDisclaimer: All third-party content on this website/platform is and will remain the property of their respective owners and is provided on "as is" basis without any warranties, express or implied. Use of third-party content does not indicate any affiliation, sponsorship with or endorsement by them. Any references to third-party content is to identify the corresponding services and shall be considered fair use under The CopyrightLaw.
