The diversity, distribution and conservation status of the tree‐cavity‐nesting birds of the world

Abstract

AbstractAimGlobally, many bird species nest in tree cavities that are either excavated or formed through decay or damage processes. We assembled an overview of all tree‐cavity nesters (excavators and non‐excavators) in the world, analysed their geographic distribution and listed the conservation status of all species.LocationThis is a global analysis of species from every continent except for Antarctica where the lack of trees precludes the occurrence of this group.MethodsWe reviewed the online version of the Handbook of the Birds of the World Alive,http://www.hbw.com/, and primary literature for species known to nest in tree cavities, with tree cavities defined as holes that a bird can enter such that it is not visible from the outside. We classified species by nester type (excavator or non‐excavator, and obligate or facultative where possible), conservation threat status and zoogeographic region, and tested for statistical differences in species distributions across realms using chi‐square tests.ResultsAt least 1878 species (18.1% of all bird species in the world) nest in tree cavities, of which we considered 355 to be primary excavators, 126 facultative excavators and 1357 non‐excavators (we were unable to classify nesting type for 40 species). At least 338 species use cavities created by woodpeckers (Picidae), excluding reuse by woodpeckers themselves. About 13% (249 species) of tree‐cavity nesters experience major threats (i.e., status of vulnerable, endangered or critically endangered). The highest richness of tree‐cavity nesters is found in the Neotropical (678 species) and Oriental (453) regions, and the highest proportion of threatened species in Australasia (17%).Main conclusionMaintenance of a continual supply of cavities, a process in which woodpeckers and the processes of decay play critical roles, is a global conservation priority as tree cavities provide important nesting sites for many bird species.