The Disparity in Pediatric Spinal Cord Tumor Clinical Trials: A Scoping Review of Registered Clinical Trials from 1989 to 2023

Abstract

Abstract Background Spinal cord tumors (SCT) comprise 10% of all Central Nervous System (CNS) tumors. Pediatric SCTs are often excluded and underrepresented in clinical trials though exclusion rates haven’t been reported. Methods We reviewed all interventional clinical trials recruiting patients <21-years with SCTs on ClinicalTrials.gov between 1989-2023. Results 502 CNS tumor trials were identified, of which 255 included SCTs and/or spincal metastases. Among these, 96.5% were open to all CNS tumors (brain or spine), however, only 3.5% were exclusive to spine tumors. One trial was specific to pediatric spine tumors (inclusive of bone, soft tissue, and neural tumors); no trial was specific to primary pediatric SCTs. Most trials were located in North America, with multisite investigations being more common than single-institution designs. Trials frequently evaluated interventions/treatments (89%), supportive care/quality of life measures (QoL) (7.1%), or diagnostic protocols (3.1%). Among included treatment paradigms, systemic therapies using cytotoxic chemotherapies, targeted therapies, and/or immunotherapies were more common among brain/spine trials, while radiotherapy, surgical adjuncts, and/or local drug delivery more frequently occurred in spinal tumor trials. Conclusions Though SCTs comprise 10% of pediatric CNS tumors, they remain underrepresented in clinical trials. This lack of trials specific to advancing pediatric SCTs management highlights an area of clinical and research need.