Abstract
INTRODUCTION: THE CONFUCIAN VIEW OF MEDICINE: THE ART OF REN (HUMANITY) The Traditional Chinese Understanding of Health and Disease The beginning of Chinese medicine is generally attributed to Shen Nong (the Heavenly Husbandman), a legendary emperor who, living circa 2700 BCE, introduced agriculture and had personally tasted the hundred types of plants to discover their medicinal values. He is also supposed to have introduced the technique of acupuncture; however, he does not figure in the story of the cardinal classic of Chinese medicine, Huang Di Nei Jing (The Yellow Emperor's Internal Medicine). This work features Huang Di. the Yellow Emperor, who is believed to have lived at the same time as Shen Nong and was, a legendary emperor revered by both Confucians and Daoists (Qian 1987). The Yellow Emperor's Internal Medicine was most probably compiled during the Eastern Han dynasty (25–220) (Liao 1993, 55–80). It includes the most distinguished texts of ancient Chinese medicine, integrates and theorizes various healing arts, and sets down the foundational principles of Chinese learned medicine and its written traditions. It shares the same Chinese concept of the universe as philosophy, science, politics, and indeed nearly everything else traditionally Chinese (Ho and Lisowski 1997, 17). First, it can be understood as offering a particular metaphysics of qi as the basic elements of the universe. Qi is difficult to translate.
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