Abstract
The research for this article was funded by the 'Power and Institutions in Medieval Islam and Christendom (PIMIC)'ITN, receiving funding from the European Union's Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no. 316732; and the 'After Empire: Using and Not Using the Past in the Crisis of the Carolingian World, c.900–1050' HERA project, receiving funding from the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement no. 649307.
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