Abstract
In the late 1930s and early 1940s, it was discovered that the substitution on aromatic rings of hydrogen atoms with chlorine yielded a novel chemistry of antimicrobials. However, within a few years, many of these compounds and formulations showed adverse effects, including human toxicity, ecotoxicity, and unwanted environmental persistence and bioaccumulation, quickly leading to regulatory bans and phase-outs. Among these, the triclocarban, a polychlorinated aromatic antimicrobial agent, was employed as a major ingredient of toys, clothing, food packaging materials, food industry floors, medical supplies, and especially of personal care products, such as soaps, toothpaste, and shampoo. Triclocarban has been widely used for over 50 years, but only recently some concerns were raised about its endocrine disruptive properties. In September 2016, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration banned its use in over-the-counter hand and body washes because of its toxicity. The withdrawal of triclocarban has prompted the efforts to search for new antimicrobial compounds and several analogues of triclocarban have also been studied. In this review, an examination of different facets of triclocarban and its analogues will be analyzed.
Highlights
Triclocarban (TCC, Figure 1) is a highly effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiseptic agent that has been successfully used in personal care products for over 60 years [1,2]
This interesting class of compounds has been recently reviewed by our research group as anticancer agents [6], and due to their multiple actions [7,8,9,10,11], they were suggested for repositioning to antimicrobial agents and/or potential treatment for new pandemics, as COVID-19 [12,13]
This agent is incompletely removed by wastewater treatment, representing an environmental contaminant
Summary
Triclocarban (TCC, Figure 1) is a highly effective and broad-spectrum antimicrobial and antiseptic agent that has been successfully used in personal care products for over 60 years [1,2]. It is often mentioned along with its congener triclosan (TCS, Figure 1). In 2016, the U.S Food and Drug Administration (FDA) issued a final rule establishing that 19 specific ingredients, including TCC and TCS, were no longer generally recognized as safe and effective, and prohibited companies from marketing soaps as antibacterial containing one or more of these ingredients [46]. Given the importance of these issues, this review will focus on the activity, occurrence, metabolism, toxicity of TCC and several analogues described in the literature, as well as on compounds potentially effective and usable as an alternative to TCC
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