Abstract
Background: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transition phase between normal aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Identification of novel and non-invasive biomarkers that can distinguish AD at an early stage from MCI is warranted for therapeutic and support planning. The goal of this study was to identify the differences of serum metabolomic profiles between MCI and early-stage AD, which could be potential non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD.Methods: The subjects enrolled in the study were classified into two diagnostic groups: MCI (n = 40) and early-stage AD (n = 40). Targeted metabolomics analysis of serum samples was performed using the Biocrates Absolute-IDQ P180 kit. Targeted metabolic data were analyzed by TargetLynx, and MetIDQ software was applied to integrate the metabolites by automated calculation of metabolite concentrations.Results: The datasets of targeted metabolite analysis were analyzed by the orthogonal-projection-to-latent-structure–discriminant-analysis (OPLS-DA) model. The OPLS-DA score plots demonstrated considerable separation between the MCI and early-stage AD patients. The levels of pimelylcarnitine, putrescine, SM (OH) C24:1, and SM C24:0 were significantly lower, whereas the levels of acetylornithine, methionine sulfoxide, and PC ae C44:3 were significantly higher in early-stage AD patients as compared with MCI patients. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis of a combination of three lipid metabolites [SM (OH) C24:1, SM C24:0, and PC ae C44:3] showed an acceptable discrimination between the early-stage AD and MCI patients (area under the curve = 0.788).Conclusions: Our results characterized the differences of serum metabolic profiles between MCI and early-stage AD patients. The positive findings from this study indicate that the minimally invasive method of blood sampling may help to identify patients with AD at an early stage from those with MCI.
Highlights
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain, characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, selective loss of neurons and synapse, inflammation and glial responses, and vascular alterations [1]
The early-stage AD patients were significantly older than the Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) patients (P < 0.001)
The levels of pimelylcarnitine, putrescine, SM (OH) C24:1, and SM C24:0 were significantly lower, whereas the levels of acetylornithine, methionine sulfoxide (Met-SO), and PC ae C44:3 were significantly higher in early-stage AD patients as compared with MCI patients (Table 2, Figures 1B–H)
Summary
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease of the brain, characterized by senile plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, selective loss of neurons and synapse, inflammation and glial responses, and vascular alterations [1]. The clinical features of AD include memory impairment, cognitive decline, and behavior changes [2]. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transition period between age-appropriate memory changes and AD [3]. The presentation of MCI includes cognitive deficits, mainly in memory functions, with preservations of independence in everyday activities and does not fulfill the criteria of AD, other dementia disorders, or other mental diseases. Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is regarded as a transition phase between normal aging and Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Identification of novel and non-invasive biomarkers that can distinguish AD at an early stage from MCI is warranted for therapeutic and support planning. The goal of this study was to identify the differences of serum metabolomic profiles between MCI and early-stage AD, which could be potential non-invasive biomarkers for early diagnosis of AD
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