Abstract
BackgroundAgonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines. The mechanisms of their immunostimulatory action differ significantly; these differences are particularly critical for immunization with non-replicating adenovirus vectors (rAds) based vaccines. Unlike traditional vaccines, rAd based vaccines are not designed to capture vaccine antigens from the external environment by antigen presenting cells (APCs), but rather they are targeted to the de novo synthesis of vaccine antigens in APCs transfected with rAd. To date, there is no clear understanding about approaches to improve the efficacy of rAd vaccinations with immunoadjuvants. In this study, we investigated the immunoadjuvant effect of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists on the level of activation of APCs during vaccination with rAds.ResultsWe demonstrated that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists confer different effects on the molecular processes in APCs that determine the efficacy of antigen delivery and activation of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. APCs activated with agonists of TLR4 were characterized by up-regulated production of target antigen mRNA and protein encoded in rAd, as well as enhanced expression of the co-activation receptors CD80, CD86 and CD40, and pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL6 and IL12. These effects of TLR4 agonists have provided a significant increase in the number of antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. TLR3 agonist, on the contrary, inhibited transcription and synthesis of rAd-encoded antigens, but improved expression of CD40 and IFN-β in APCs. The cumulative effect of TLR3 agonist have resulted in only a slight improvement in the activation of antigen-specific T cells. Also, we demonstrated that IFN-β and TNF-α, secreted by APCs in response to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists, respectively, have an opposite effect on the transcription of the targeted gene encoded in rAd. Specifically, IFN-β inhibited, and TNF-α stimulated the expression of target vaccine antigens in APCs.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that agonists of TLR4 but not TLR3 merit further study as adjuvants for development of vaccines based on recombinant adenoviral vectors.
Highlights
Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines
We demonstrated that TLR3 and TLR4 agonists enhance the generation of antigen-reactive CD4+ T cells in spleen of mice immunized with rAdTet-off H1
In this work we studied the mechanisms of adjuvant action of TLR3 and TLR4 agonists combined with recombinant adenoviral vectors (rAds) vaccine
Summary
Agonists of TLR3 and TLR4 are effective immunoadjuvants for different types of vaccines The mechanisms of their immunostimulatory action differ significantly; these differences are critical for immunization with nonreplicating adenovirus vectors (rAds) based vaccines. TLR agonists enhance uptake and presentation of vaccine antigens by APCs (up-regulation of MHC class II and class I expression, inflammasome activation); induce maturation (increase expression of co-stimulating receptors and immunostimulatory cytokines), and migration of APCs to draining lymph nodes [8]. These events, induced in APCs by TLR agonists, determine the efficacy of antigen-specific CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses after vaccination
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