The diagnostic and prognostic importance of oxidative stress biomarkers and acute phase proteins in Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) in camels.

Wael M El-Deeb,Sébastien Buczinski

doi:10.7717/peerj.1363

Wael M El-Deeb, Sébastien Buczinski

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1363

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Abstract

The present study aimed to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic importance of oxidative stress biomarkers and acute phase proteins in urinary tract infection (UTI) in camels. We describe the clinical, bacteriological and biochemical findings in 89 camels. Blood and urine samples from diseased (n = 74) and control camels (n = 15) were submitted to laboratory investigations. The urine analysis revealed high number of RBCS and pus cells. The concentrations of serum and erythrocytic malondialdehyde (sMDA & eMDA), Haptoglobin (Hp), serum amyloid A (SAA), Ceruloplasmin (Cp), fibrinogen (Fb), albumin, globulin and interleukin 6 (IL-6) were higher in diseased camels when compared to healthy ones. Catalase, super oxide dismutase and glutathione levels were lower in diseased camels when compared with control group. Forty one of 74 camels with UTI were successfully treated. The levels of malondialdehyde, catalase, super oxide dismutase, glutathione, Hp, SAA, Fb, total protein, globulin and IL-6 were associated with the odds of treatment failure. The MDA showed a great sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) in predicting treatment failure (Se 85%/Sp 100%) as well as the SAA (Se 92%/Sp 87%) and globulin levels (Se 85%/Sp 100%) when using the cutoffs that maximizes the sum of Se + Sp. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that two models had a high accuracy to predict failure with the first model including sex, sMDA and Hp as covariates (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) = 0.92) and a second model using sex, SAA and Hp (AUC = 0.89). Conclusively, the oxidative stress biomarkers and acute phase proteins could be used as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in camel UTI management. Efforts should be forced to investigate such biomarkers in other species with UTI.

Highlights

Urinary tract infection (UTI) exists when bacteria adhere, multiply, and persist in a portion of the urinary tract
Urethritis and pyelonephritis in cattle most commonly result from ascending urinary tract infection with Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium cystidis, Corynebacterium pilosum or Escherichia coli (Rebhun et al, 1989; Mills-Wallace et al, 1990; Yeruham et al, 1999; Yeruham et al, 2006)
The presented clinical signs of diseased camels are in concurrence with the clinical picture of cows suffered UTI (Van Metre & Divers, 2002; Yeruham et al, 2006; Radostits et al, 2007)

Summary

Introduction

Urinary tract infection (UTI) exists when bacteria adhere, multiply, and persist in a portion of the urinary tract. UTI causes vascular damage to the urinary bladder and decrease the competence of the kidney’s functions, with subsequent conflicts in protein, acid–base, water and solute homeostasis and in the excretion of metabolic end products. Conditions that lead to damage to mucosa in the lower portion of the urinary tract, such as post-parturient diseases or catheterization, may predispose the cow to pyelonephritis (Markusfeld et al, 1989; Rebhun et al, 1989). Urethritis and pyelonephritis in cattle most commonly result from ascending urinary tract infection with Corynebacterium renale, Corynebacterium cystidis, Corynebacterium pilosum or Escherichia coli (Rebhun et al, 1989; Mills-Wallace et al, 1990; Yeruham et al, 1999; Yeruham et al, 2006). Less common causative organisms include various coliform species (Mills-Wallace et al, 1990)

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