Abstract
Part 1 The glimmerings 1718-1826: silhouette of a renaissance reaction against innovation the new social order and its fall. Part 2 The breakthrough 1826-1878: foundations of a secular state Tanzimat the economic and political impact of the West the secularism of the Tanzimat the constitutional movement constitution of 1876. Part 3 The reaction 1878-1908: constitutional absolutism the reactions against the reaction. Part 4 Search for a fulcrum 1908-19: the Mesrutiyet three proposed roads to reconstruction reforming the institutions the secularism of the Mesrutiyet. Part 5 The struggle for establishment of a secular nation-state 1919-39: the birth of a nation under fire the Kemalist reforms the secularism of the Kemalist regime.
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