The Development of Artisanal Gold Mining in the African Region: A Historical Overview

Abstract

Te purpose of the paper is to provide a comprehensive historical overview of the development of artisanal gold mining in the African region, including the economic, political, social and environmental factors that have infuenced its growth, as well as the challenges and opportunities facing the sector today. Methods. Te study was conducted through a comprehensive review of available literature, including academic articles, books, reports and online resources. Relevant information was gathered and analyzed to identify the key economic, political, technological, environmental and social factors that have infuenced the growth and impact of artisanal gold mining in Africa over time. An exploratory approach was used, using a thematic analysis method to identify and categorize the various themes. Results. A historical review of artisanal gold mining in Africa leads to a number of important conclusions. First, the sector has grown signifcantly over time, with production increasing from a few kilograms per year in the early 20th century to millions of ounces per year in the 21st century. Second, a number of economic, political, social, and environmental factors have infuenced the growth of the sector, including changes in global gold prices, national mining policies, technological innovation, migration processes, and land use practices. Tird, the sector has had both positive and negative impacts on local communities and the environment, with positive aspects including employment, income generation, and improved access to basic services, and negative aspects including land degradation, deforestation, water pollution, and health hazards. Conclusions. Te work presented underscores the need for a multidisciplinary approach to understanding artisanal gold mining. While the sector has contributed to economic development and poverty reduction in some areas, it has also created signifcant social and environmental costs that need to be addressed through efective policies and interventions. Key challenges facing the sector include the informal and unregulated nature of operations, lack of access to fnance and technology, and the need to balance the interests of various stakeholders, including mining communities, governments, and environmental groups. Overall, the historical review underscores the importance of a sustainable and inclusive approach to artisanal gold mining that addresses the needs and aspirations of all stakeholders and contributes to the long-term well-being of both people and the planet.