The development of a policy framework to mitigate underwater noise pollution from commercial vessels: The role of ports

Abstract

Shipping is the most fuel-efficient type of transportation and plays a significant role in global trade. However, it has negative externalities. With the projected growth of shipping, the potential for low-frequency noise will increase along with its negative effects, such as impacts on marine species. For example, its intensity has been doubling in the North Pacific Ocean every decade for the past 60 years.Underwater noise pollution is not visible. Therefore, a scientific approach and data collection are required to raise awareness and demonstrate its negative impacts. While societal awareness in respect of other pollutants, such as oil, dangerous goods, noxious liquids substances, sewage, plastic, and air, has been raised and they have been regulated, society is not yet familiar with underwater noise pollution and, accordingly, there is no international legally binding instrument to regulate it. Ports are key interfaces between maritime transportation and land and they play a crucial role as one of the main stakeholders in the shipping industry. At the same time, this key role can be extended to cover prevention, control, mitigation, and monitoring of UWN pollution by considering appropriate policies and mitigation measures. This paper strives to identify the gaps between the potential measures and the current situation in ports and to consider multi-interdisciplinary actions by developing the concept of an Under- Water Noise Management Plan (UWNMP) within Ports. This plan is also expected to contribute to the enhancement of sustainable development along with port and ocean governance.