Abstract
To determine the biomechanical properties of the distal tendon of the gracilis muscle and the upper third of the quadriceps femoris muscle used for reconstruction of the medial patellofemoral ligament (MPFL), it is necessary to develop a calibration device for specimen preparation for uniaxial tensile tests. The need to develop this device also stems from the fact that there is currently no suitable regulatory or accurate protocol by which soft tissues such as tendons should be tested. In recent studies, various methods have been used to prepare test specimens, such as the use of different ratios of gauge lengths, different gripping techniques, etc., with the aim of obtaining measurable and comparable biomechanical tissue properties. Since tendons, as anisotropic materials, have viscoelastic properties, the guideline for manufacturing calibrator devices was the ISO 527-1:1993 standard, used for testing polymers, since they also have viscoelastic behaviour. The functionality of a calibrator device was investigated by preparing gracilis and quadriceps tendon samples. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) technology was used for the manufacturing of parts with complex geometry. The proposed calibrator could operate in two positions, horizontal and vertical. The maximum gauge length to be achieved was 60 mm, with the maximum tendon length of 120 mm. The average preparation time was 3 min per tendon. It was experimentally proven that it is possible to use a calibrator to prepare tendons for tensile tests. This research can help in the further development of soft tissue testing devices and also in the establishment of standards and exact protocols for their testing.
Highlights
IntroductionSince tissues are composite materials (composed of different types of collagen fibres) and have anisotropic properties, their mechanical properties vary from point to point within the tissue, and their response to applied forces may be different in different directions [1]
Since tissues are composite materials and have anisotropic properties, their mechanical properties vary from point to point within the tissue, and their response to applied forces may be different in different directions [1]
The length of the tendons was measured, followed by the sented in [29] was chosen to be applied in this study since it is reported as simple, rapid, determination of the cross-sectional area (CSA)
Summary
Since tissues are composite materials (composed of different types of collagen fibres) and have anisotropic properties, their mechanical properties vary from point to point within the tissue, and their response to applied forces may be different in different directions [1]. On the day of the test, frozen tissue samples have to be thawed at room temperature (23 ± 1 ◦ C), followed by the determination of the main geometric properties such as tendon length, thickness, and the cross-section area. Woo et al [16] presented the development of an experimental approach of specimen preparation for uniaxial tensile tests using articular cartilage They stated that the specimen length-to-width ratio of 4.25:1 can allow an even distribution of tensile stress in the measurement area. On the day of the test, frozen tissue samples have to be thawed at room temperature (23 ± 1 °C), followed by the determination of the main geometric properties such as tendon length, thickness, and the crosscessfully develop something new.
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