Abstract
It takes a lot of training on patients for both undergraduate to develop clinical sense as regards to the placement of dental implants in the jaw bones, also, the models provided by the dental implant companies for training are usually made of strengthened synthetic foams, which are far from the composition, and tactile sense provided by natural bone during drilling for clinical placement of dental implants. This is an in-vitro experimental study which utilized bovine femur bone, where the shaft of the femur provided the surface compact layer, and the head provided the cancellous bone layer, to provide a training model similar to jaw bones macroscopic anatomy. Both the compact and cancellous bone samples were characterized using mechanical compressive testing. The elastic moduli of the cancellous and cortical femur bone were comparable to those of the human mandible, and the prepared training model provided a more lifelike condition during the drilling and placement of dental implants. The composite bone model developed simulated the macroscopic anatomy of the jaw bones having a surface layer of compact bone, and a core of cancellous bone, and provided a better and a more natural hands-on experience for placement of dental implants as compared to plastic models made of polyurethane.
Highlights
On the academic level, education in implant dentistry was initially found in postgraduate programs, it is taught in most academic undergraduate programs at a basic level within the courses of prosthodontics, periodontics and oral surgery. [1,2,3,4,5] Predictable surgical outcomes are achievable for implants placed by undergraduate trainee students in an adequately structured and conducted multidisciplinary implant training program
The students use heads of sheep or plastic jaws made of polyurethane for training on placement of dental implants. [6,7] Polyurethane allows the building of training models with the desired characteristics of isotropy and modulus of elasticity compatible to that reported in the literature for the human jaw bones
The cross section dimensions of these artificial bones are for a typical mandible. [8, 9]. Studies using these artificial models do not consider the following facts: [1] variations in material properties for the cancellous core and the overlying cortical bone as regards to the patterns of direction of maximum stiffness, [2] the differences in relative strain magnitudes experienced between the alveolar process and inferior border of the mandibular corpus, [3] the differences in mandibular cortical thickness between the facial and lingual cortices, which decreases from 3.7 mm anteriorly to 1.4 mm posteriorly, [10,11,12] and [4] the differences state of dentulous and edentulous mandibles, where elastic moduli were different among sites on each cortex and between directions due to altered patterns of regional loading and deformation. [13,14,15]
Summary
Education in implant dentistry was initially found in postgraduate programs, it is taught in most academic undergraduate programs at a basic level within the courses of prosthodontics, periodontics and oral surgery. [1,2,3,4,5] Predictable surgical outcomes are achievable for implants placed by undergraduate trainee students in an adequately structured and conducted multidisciplinary implant training program. The students use heads of sheep or plastic jaws made of polyurethane for training on placement of dental implants. [6,7] Polyurethane allows the building of training models with the desired characteristics of isotropy and modulus of elasticity compatible to that reported in the literature for the human jaw bones. [13,14,15] Understanding of these differences renders the polyurethane a poor model when it comes to both the tactile sensation experienced during drilling for implant placement and the need for three dimensional simulations of true bone conditions. For Bovine bones, the most isotropic one is the Femur bone. [15,16,17,18,19,20,21]
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