Abstract
Guanosine is an important building block for supramolecular gels owing to the unique self-assembly property that results from the unique hydrogen bond acceptors and donor groups. Guanosine-derived supramolecular hydrogels have promise in the fields of drug delivery, targeted release, tissue engineering applications, etc. However, the property of poor longevity and the need for excess cations hinder the widespread applications of guanosine hydrogels. Although guanosine-derived supramolecular hydrogels have been reviewed previously by Dash et al., the structural framework of this review is different, as the modification of guanosine is described at the molecular level. In this review, we summarize the development and lifetime stability improvement of guanosine-based supramolecular hydrogels through optimized structure and elaborate on three aspects: sugar modification, base modification, and binary gels. Additionally, we introduce the concept and recent research progress of self-healing gels, providing inspiration for the development of guanosine-derived supramolecular hydrogels with longer lifespans, unique physicochemical properties, and biological activities.
Highlights
Gels play an important role in the composition of organisms
This study demonstrates that peroxidase enzymes can be mimicked by guanosine-derived hydrogels and nanomolar concentrations of lead ions can be detected by hydrogels
The results showed that the dependence of the above three nucleosides on alkali metal ions was different, indicating that the hydrophobic 2-substituent had a certain effect on gel formation (F>H>OH)
Summary
Gels play an important role in the composition of organisms. The muscles, skin, cell membranes, and cartilage in the human body can be regarded as gels. Gelator molecules undergo onedimensional (1D) orientation growth through the noncovalent interactions of various structural units, resulting in the formation of linear or band fibers They overlap to form a 3D network structure, which is commonly referred to as self-assembled fiber networks (SAFiNs) (Figure 1(c)) [8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16]. Most LMWGs are derived from natural products such as amino acids and peptides [13, 17,18,19,20], fatty acids [21,22,23], sugar [11, 23], cholesterol, nuclear bases, nucleosides, and nucleotides [24, 25] They are often used as supramolecular blocks to produce higher structures owing to their diverse structures, multiple binding sites, self-assembly capabilities, biocompatibility, stability, and stimuli responsiveness [26].
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