Abstract
Endometrial cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed cancers in women. The search for factors that contribute to the development of cancer cells in reproductive organs should involve the detection of xenoestrogens, in particular zearalenone (ZEA) and its metabolites. Xenoestrogens are endocrine disruptors–ZEA and its metabolites are structurally similar to estrogens (macrocyclic lactone ring) and show high affinity for estrogen receptors. This study proposes a new method for the preparation of samples of human tissues with endometrial cancer by the use of the QuEChERS technique. Analytical parameters such as centrifugation temperature, extraction solvent, and adsorbents were modified to obtain satisfactory recovery for ZEA (R = 82.6%, RSD = 2.9%) and one of its metabolites, α-zearalenol (R = 50.1%, RSD = 3.2%). High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS) were used for the identification and quantitative determination of the analyzed compounds. The developed procedure was applied for analyses of human tissues with endometrial cancer. The presence of α-zearalenol was detected in 47 out of the 61 examined tissue samples.Graphical Methodology for isolation and identification of zearalenone and its major metabolites.
Highlights
IntroductionXenoestrogens are hormonally active substances that are widely distributed in the environment (cigarette smoke, animal feed, water, meat, milk) and exert a negative impact on living organisms
Xenoestrogens are hormonally active substances that are widely distributed in the environment and exert a negative impact on living organisms
The tested procedure was modeled on the literature [25], and it was characterized by low recovery (R = 22.8%) and poor reproducibility (RSD = 11.3%)
Summary
Xenoestrogens are hormonally active substances that are widely distributed in the environment (cigarette smoke, animal feed, water, meat, milk) and exert a negative impact on living organisms. This group of compounds includes zearalenone/fusarium-2 (ZEA/F-2) which occurs mainly in corn cobs, rice, cereals, and wheat [1,2,3,4]. The adverse effects of ZEA and its metabolites on reproductive organs have been documented in numerous animal studies. The results of research [11,12,13,14,15] investigating the effects on ZEA and its metabolites on the reproductive organs of animals constitute the basis for human studies. The presence of ZEA and its metabolites was analyzed by Twarużek et al [16] in prostate tissues and by Gadzała-Kopciuch et al [17] in uterine mass tissue (endometrial cancer)
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