Abstract
This chapter presents the methods of applying dyes to textiles. Little similarity exists between the two methods of dye classification—chemical functionality and method of application. However, there are some useful relationships that can be discussed and developed in regard to dye application class and the six representative fiber types: wool, cotton, cellulose esters, polyamides, polyester, and acrylic. A further subdivision of dyes by method of application is given by Needles: (1) dyes containing anionic functional groups—acid, metal complex, mordant, direct and reactive; (2) dyes containing cationic functional groups, basic; (3) dyes requiring chemical reaction before application vat, sulfur, and azoic; and (4) special dyeing techniques and classes of colorants—disperse, solvent, natural, and pigment. After-treatments that improve dye fastness, the dyeing of fiber blends, and textile printing may also be included in the latter category. This subdivision and its interrelationship with fiber type and dye fastness properties are generally useful.
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