Abstract
A homemade portable no-blind zone laser detection and ranging (lidar) system was designed to map the three-dimensional (3D) distribution of aerosols based on a dual-field-of-view (FOV) receiver system. This innovative lidar prototype has a space resolution of 7.5 m and a time resolution of 30 s. A blind zone of zero meters, and a transition zone of approximately 60 m were realized with careful optical alignments, and were rather meaningful to the lower atmosphere observation. With a scanning platform, the lidar system was used to locate the industrial pollution sources at ground level. The primary parameters of the transmitter, receivers, and detectors are described in this paper. Acquiring a whole return signal of this lidar system represents the key step to the retrieval of aerosol distribution with applying a linear joining method to the two FOV signals. The vertical profiles of aerosols were retrieved by the traditional Fernald method and verified by real-time observations. To effectively and reliably retrieve the horizontal distributions of aerosols, a composition of the Fernald method and the slope method were applied. In this way, a priori assumptions of even atmospheric conditions and the already-known reference point in the lidar equation were avoided. No-blind-zone vertical in-situ observation of aerosol illustrated a detailed evolution from almost 0 m to higher altitudes. No-blind-zone detection provided tiny structures of pollution distribution in lower atmosphere, which is closely related to human health. Horizontal field scanning experiments were also conducted in the Shandong Province. The results showed a high accuracy of aerosol mass movement by this lidar system. An effective quantitative way to locate pollution sources distribution was paved with the portable lidar system after validation by the mass concentration of suspended particulate matter from a ground air quality station.
Highlights
The gradient of energy distribution affects the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and mainly induces the uneven distribution of aerosol and the formation and deterioration of air quality [1–5]
The mass concentration of particulate matters Rρe(mPoMte S10e)nsa.n20d20ρ,(1P2M, 622.65) at the air quality station (AQS) were measured by TEOMTM (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA U8 oSfA14)
A dual-FOV lidar was designed without a blind zone and a transition zone of 60 m to observe the lower atmosphere
Summary
The gradient of energy distribution affects the evolution of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL), and mainly induces the uneven distribution of aerosol and the formation and deterioration of air quality [1–5]. The transport of dust storms and smoke has caused severe regional air pollution on Remote Sens. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW several occasions [6–8]. Laser detection and ranging (lidar), as an active remote-sensing technique, oisftoefnteuntiulitzileidzetdo tdoedteecttecatnadniddeidnteinfytiftyhethpehpyhsiycsailcpalropproerpteiersti,essh, aspheaspeasndanpdarptaicrlteic-sleiz-seizdeisdtriisbtruitbiuontioonf aoef raoesroolssowlsiwthitah haighhigshpsaptiaatliaalnadndtetmempoproarlarlerseosloultuiotinonfrforommggrorouunnddsstatatitoionnaarryylildidaarrnneettwwoorrkkss [[99,,1100]],, mmoobbiillee ppllaattffoorrmmss[[1111]],,aairicrrcaraftfsts[1[21]2o] rosrastaeltleiltleiste[s13[1].3H]. OHwoewveevr,edru, edutoe atomaonmoostnaotisctarteiccerivecinegivfiinegldfiaenldd “agnedo“mgeetormic eotvriecrloavperflaacptofrac(GtoOr (FG)”O, Fth)”e, hthuenhdurenddsreodfsmoeftmeresteorfsbolifnbdlinzodnzeoannedanthdethtreantrsaintisointioznonzeonine itnratdraitdioitnioanl aMl iMe-ileid-laidrsar[s14[1–42–02]0a]lwalwayasylselaedadtotoaaddififfifciucultlytyininpprroobbininggaaeerroossoolsls,,eessppeecciiaallllyyiinn tthhee lloowweerr ttrrooppoosspphheerree [[2211––2233]]. AA ffeeww ggrroouuppss hhaavvee ddeevveellooppeedd ssiiddee--ssccaatttteerriinngg iimmaaggiinngg tteecchhnnoollooggiieess [[2244––2277]] oorr mmuullttii--ffiieelldd--ooff--vviieeww ((mmFFOOVV)) tteecchhnniiqquueess [[2288,,2299]] ttoo oovveerrccoommee ssuucchh ddiiffffiiccuullttiieess. HHoowweevveerr,, tthhee ffoorrmmeerr mmeetthhooddss aarerelimliimteidteads tahse dtheetecdtieotnecrtaionnge riganngoreesigimnoproerstanimt ipnofortramnattiionnfofrrommattihoendfisrotamnt athtme odspishtaernet, aatnmdotshpehlearttee,ramndeththoedslaatrteerlamboerthatoodrsy ainrestrlaubmoernattosrtyhaitnastrreudmifefnictusltthtoatmaoreved. N be used to study the pollution transport pathways Azorneeliaibs ledeinmvoernssitornatmede.thAodrfeoliradbeleterinmvienrinsigonthemveetrhtoicdal faonrddheotreirzmonintainl gdistthreibuvteirotnicsaol faanedroshoolsriwzoitnhtianl d5ikstmribisuptiroonvsidoefda.eFroieslodlsexwpiethriimn e5nktsmwiesrperaolvsoidceodn.dFuiecltdedextopevreirmifeyntthsewaeprpeliaclasboilciotyndofutchteeddtuoalv-eFrOifVy tlihdearafpoprlsictuabdiyliitnyg loofwtehre-atmduoaslp-FhOerVe aliirdpaor llufotrionstaunddyiqnuganltoiwtaetirv-aetlymoassspehsesrineg atihre pdoisltlruitbiuontionanodf qemuaisnstiiotantisvoeulryceass.sWessitihngthtihsescdainsntriinbgultiidoanr,otfheempoislsluiotinonsoduirsctreisb.uWtioitnhntehaisr gscroaunnndincgalnidbaeri,dtehnetipfioeldluwtiiotnh dnois-tbrliibnudt-izoonnneeaanrdgqruouanntditactainveblye. iTdheenetisftiaebdliwshiethd lnidoa-brlninedtw-zoornkewainthdtqhuisaknitnitdatoivf elildya. rTshceanesbteabulsiesdhetdo lsitduadryntehtewpoorklluwtiiothn tthraisnskpinodrtopfaltihdwarasycsa. n be used to study the pollution transport pathways
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