Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine and explain the factors that affect deprivation in Jordan. To do so, this study constructs and tests a model that determines the factors, which affect deprivation. It employs an econometric analysis to examine the relationship between some main socioeconomic variables and the status of deprivation in Jordan. It looks at how changes in income, unemployment, education, health, housing conditions and access to services, as well as pollution, will affect the status of deprivation. The study uses the raw data of the national Household Income and Expenditure Survey HIES, which was conducted by the Jordanian Department of Statistics during 2002/2003 and covered 12,792 households. The study concludes that deprivation was caused by low income, unemployment, low educational attainment, bad type of housing, barriers to essential services, poor health and pollution. However, the effect of these factors varies. Simulation results of the model predicts that if income deprivation, unemployment and education deprivation are reduced by 1% the overall deprivation index will decrease by 0.7%, holding other variables without change. Realizing such reductions, however, will require policies to further increase wages and salaries, encourage investment in human capital and job creation.
Highlights
There has been an increasing interest in studying deprivation as an alternative to poverty which is an abstract measure, commonly expressed by monetary terms
Though ‘poverty’ and ‘deprivation’ have often been used interchangeably, many have argued that a clear distinction should be made between them
Most deprivation indicators assume that there is a broad consensus on what types of goods and services families should be able to afford, and that an inability to afford those items implies deprivation
Summary
There has been an increasing interest in studying deprivation as an alternative to poverty which is an abstract measure, commonly expressed by monetary terms. Townsend 1987 argues that ‘people can be said to be deprived if they lack the types of diet, clothing, housing, household facilities and fuel and environmental, educational, working and social conditions, activities and facilities which are customary...’. Townsend elaborates distinctions between social and material deprivation The former – which he acknowledges is more difficult to measure – he describes as ‘providing a useful means of generalising the condition of those who do not or cannot enter into ordinary forms of family or other relationships’. The more measured material deprivation relates to diet, health, clothing, housing, household facilities, environment and work. By identifying both social and material deprivation, he is anticipating some aspects of what one might call ‘social exclusion’. More recent studies have moved away from measuring and analysing poverty to measuring deprivation.[4]
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