Abstract
To examine the effects of Candida on halitosis, the carrier state of Candida was examined in patients who made a visit with a chief complaint of halitosis. Methods. Subjects were 123 patients (42 males and 81 females) who visited our clinic, with a chief complaint of halitosis. Their average age was 45.8 years. To examine halitosis, an organoleptic test was conducted, and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) were measured by gas chromatography. Tongue-coating samples collected at the initial visit were cultured in CHROMagar Candida medium. The results of a Candida culture test, an organoleptic test, and VSC measurements were examined. Results. The male-to-female ratio of the patients was about 1 : 2. Patients with severe halitosis accounted for less than 20%. In the Candida culture test, the positive rate was about 25.2%, and C. albicans was the most frequently detected. Two kinds of Candida species were detected in 75% (6/8) of the strongly Candida-positive group. The VSC measurements were correlated with the Candida culture test results. Methyl mercaptan concentration was higher in the strongly C. albicans-positive group or the subjects having two kinds of Candida species. Conclusion. We suggest that imbalance of oral microbial community exists in the strongly Candida-positive group.
Highlights
The agents of halitosis are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which are mainly composed of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan [1,2,3,4]
The organoleptic test results demonstrated that mild halitosis (OLT scores: 1 and 2) was more common in women than in men, with a significant difference between men and women when classified into OLT scores 1, 2, and 3–5 (Table 1)
C. albicans was combined in all the groups from which two kinds of Candida species were detected, and it was more predominant than another Candida species (Table 2)
Summary
The agents of halitosis are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), which are mainly composed of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan [1,2,3,4]. Bacteria associated with periodontal diseases have a strong ability to produce VSCs. halitosis is often improved by treating periodontal diseases [5,6,7]. Some cases of halitosis are not improved by treating periodontal diseases, suggesting other causes. A coated (furred) tongue has recently been considered as a cause of halitosis [8]. Various microorganisms exist on a coated tongue. Candida is the most frequently detected, reflecting the oral environment [9, 10]. To examine the effects of Candida on halitosis, the carrier state of Candida was examined in patients who made a visit with a chief complaint of halitosis
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