Abstract
Based on measles surveillance in Shanghai, People’s Republic of China, from 2006 to 2015, we found that measles virus isolates from 40 throat swab samples exhibited atypical cytopathic effects in Vero/hSLAM cells, which was found to be a result of coinfection with measles virus (MeV) and human herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Serological and molecular approaches were used to confirm and characterize the coinfections in these patients. Among the 40 measles cases, measles-specific IgM was detected in 37 cases, while measles-specific IgG was detected in 27 cases. HSV-1-specific IgM and IgG were detected in 7 and 34 cases, respectively, suggesting that most of the MeV infections were primary, but that HSV-1 infection was due to the reactivation of latent virus in most cases. The titers of HSV-1 IgG in patients with either measles or measles-HSV-1 coinfection were significantly higher than those in the healthy group (P = 0.0026 and P < 0.0001, respectively); however, there was no significant difference in the titers of HSV-1 IgG in the MeV and MeV-HSV-1 coinfection patients (P = 0.105). Nucleic acids from MeV and HSV-1 were detected in 40 and 39 throat swabs, respectively. Twenty five MeV RNA sequences were genotyped, and all represented genotype H1, which is the endemic genotype in China. Sequences from the glycoprotein G gene of HSV-1 were used to classify the isolates into two distinct phylogenetic groups: 34 belonged to group A and 3 belonged to group B.
Highlights
Measles is a common childhood infection with clinical symptoms that includes fever, maculopapular rash, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis
During serial passages of cultures from a throat swab specimen from a suspected measles case, we observed changes in the types of cytopathic effect (CPE) observed in infected Vero/ hSLAM cells
Forty coinfected cases were identified from a total of 4921 cell cultures obtained from throat swabs
Summary
Measles is a common childhood infection with clinical symptoms that includes fever, maculopapular rash, cough, coryza and conjunctivitis. The measles surveillance system (MSS) detected the first importations of MeV genotypes D8 in 20127 and B3 in 20139 into China. Isolation of MeV from clinical specimens using cell lines susceptible to wild-type MeV infection (e.g., Vero/hSLAM cells) can be used as a confirmatory test[10]. MeV infection can cause cell membrane fusion and induce the formation of multinucleated giant cells (syncytia) in susceptible cells[11]. Such a pronounced cytopathic effect (CPE) is often used to indicate the presence of MeV in cell culture. During serial passages of cultures from a throat swab specimen from a suspected measles case, we observed changes in the types of CPE observed in infected Vero/ hSLAM cells. Forty coinfected cases were identified from a total of 4921 cell cultures obtained from throat swabs
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