Abstract
The birth of Chemistry can be found in two main practices: (i) the Arts du feu (ceramic and glass, metallurgy, i.e., inorganic and solid state chemistry) and (ii) the preparation of remedies, alcohols and perfumes, dyes, i.e., organic and liquid state chemistry). After a brief survey of the history of (glazed) pottery and (enameled) glass artifacts, the development of destructive and non-destructive analytical techniques during the last few centuries is reviewed. Emphasis is put on mobile non-destructive Raman microspectroscopy of pigments and their glass/glaze host matrices for chronological/technological expertise. The techniques of white opacification, blue, yellow, green, red, and black coloring, are used as examples to point out the interest of pigments as chronological/technological markers.
Highlights
ContextThe foundation of Chemistry is often related to the practice of ancient alchemists. the know-how required for the transformation of matter, the definition of Chemistry, can be found in two main practices: (i) the Arts du feu, i.e., the preparation of pottery, glass, and metal artifacts (and related techniques for the selection and preparation of the raw materials used: geology, mining...), in other words Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry; (ii) the preparation of remedies, alcohols and perfumes, pigments, dyes, and binding for frescoes, painting, and textiles, in other words Organic and Liquid
The birth of Chemistry can be found in two main practices: (i) the Arts du feu and (ii) the preparation of remedies, alcohols and perfumes, dyes, i.e., organic and liquid state chemistry)
The know-how required for the transformation of matter, the definition of Chemistry, can be found in two main practices: (i) the Arts du feu, i.e., the preparation of pottery, glass, and metal artifacts, in other words Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry; (ii) the preparation of remedies, alcohols and perfumes, pigments, dyes, and binding for frescoes, painting, and textiles, in other words Organic and Liquid
Summary
The foundation of Chemistry is often related to the practice of ancient alchemists. the know-how required for the transformation of matter, the definition of Chemistry, can be found in two main practices: (i) the Arts du feu, i.e., the preparation of pottery, glass, and metal artifacts (and related techniques for the selection and preparation of the raw materials used: geology, mining...), in other words Inorganic and Solid State Chemistry; (ii) the preparation of remedies, alcohols and perfumes, pigments, dyes, and binding for frescoes, painting, and textiles, in other words Organic and Liquid. Just like industry companies conduct re-engineering studies in order to identify the innovation of their competitors by dismounting/studying their products, we will show how this approach may be used to retrieve the ancient “secrets” of artists and masters to prepare pottery and glass artifacts. This experimental approach dates back to the 18th century. We will discuss the identification of chronological/technological markers, namely the identification of chromophores, pigments and associated materials, and their glassy silicate matrix, used in ancient masterpieces such as pottery, enamels and enameled glass, pastels, drawings, paintings, etc
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