The Designation of Satellite Constellations as Critical Space Infrastructure

Abstract

Near-Earth space is becoming increasingly privatized and industrialized, with many consequences for science and humanity. In particular, the number of satellites in low-Earth orbit is predicted to grow dramatically from a couple of thousands at present to many tens of thousands in the near future due to the launch of satellite constellations planned by public and private entities. Large satellite constellations may create new legal and security challenges. Efforts to reduce satellite constellations risks, especially those emanating from natural hazards or intentional attacks, requires an adaptation in both critical infrastructures and space policies. Therefore, in order to realise the full potential of investments in space, critical systems need to be adequately protected and the space environment properly managed. In terms of security of critical space infrastructures past approaches have been largely oriented towards protection. However, there is evidence to suggest a transition promoting the resilience of critical space infrastructures, including those with space segments such as satellites.