Abstract
We have developed a novel design of triggering system aspart of the pipelined hardware Level-1 trigger logic for the CMSexperiment at LHC. The Global Calorimeter Trigger is the lastelement in the processing of calorimeter data, and provides most ofthe input to the final Level-1 decision. We present the detailedfunctional requirements for this system. Our design meets therequirements using generic, configurable Trigger Processing Modulesbuilt from commercial programmable logic and high-speed serial datalinks. We describe the hardware, firmware and software components ofthis solution. CMS has chosen an alternative solution to build thefinal trigger system; we discuss the implications of our experiencesfor future development projects along similar lines.
Highlights
Recent advances in commercial microelectronics technology have had a significant impact on the design of hardware triggering systems for large high-energy physics detectors
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) bunch crossing clock is distributed around the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) front-end electronics, along with synchronous signals such as the Level-1 Accept decision, by the Trigger, Timing and Control (TTC) system [14] developed at CERN
By early 2006, working prototypes of the hardware, firmware and software components of the system had been produced and a range of system integration activities was ongoing. Preparations for another hardware iteration, to address the issues identified, were well advanced. At this point concerns about the slow overall progress, and about the complexity and long-term reliability of the full-scale system, led to a decision by CMS to pursue an alternative design for the final Global Calorimeter Trigger (GCT)
Summary
Recent advances in commercial microelectronics technology have had a significant impact on the design of hardware triggering systems for large high-energy physics detectors. The resulting system is well-integrated and compact; the required processing functions can be performed in a single crate of electronics; and the use of programmable hardware allows us to embed a comprehensive suite of system control, monitoring and test functionality alongside the trigger processing. This approach brings with it a number of design challenges. In the implementation of the trigger processing function, the main challenge is to achieve high enough communication bandwidth to make effective use of the processing power of modern programmable logic.
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