The Design and Evaluation of Worked Examples in Neurological Physical Therapy Education

Abstract

Background and Purpose. Learning and practising clinical reasoning related to patient cases is a standard part of physical therapist (PT) education. Research in the area of example-based learning provides evidence and structure for the development of learning modules related to patient cases. The purpose of this project was to develop and evaluate 2 e-learning modules that explicitly incorporated principles of example-based learning (worked example, observational learning, and analogical reasoning). Method/Model Description and Evaluation. Two computer-based worked examples specific to neurological physical therapy were developed using e-learning software. The modules were based on individual patient cases and focused on standing balance assessment and gait assessment and treatment. The standing balance module was a fully worked example, taking the student through all the solution steps of how to assess a patient's standing balance. By contrast, the gait module was a partially worked example where students contributed information throughout the module to help to solve the problem. Students completed the modules in a neurological physical therapy course as preparatory (standing balance) and consolidation (gait) activities. They completed an evaluation on Google Forms that addressed perceived learning outcomes as well as logistical issues (ie, how long to complete, what device). Outcomes. Completion times for the modules ranged from 15 to 90 minutes, with an average completion time of 36 minutes. Students generally perceived the modules to be helpful to their learning as well as fun. Students who attempted to complete the module on a smart phone had technological problems completing the module. Discussion and Conclusion. The modules adhered to the principles of worked examples and embedded observational learning and analogical reasoning. They provide useful and versatile learning options for novice students. Future evaluation of learning outcomes is planned. With minor modifications that provide opportunities for the learner to complete some of the solution steps, the modules can be used with more senior students or as continuing education.