Abstract
THE occurrence of substances, in the extracts of human urine and of testes, that are capable of augmenting the effects of estrogens or androgens has been postulated and demonstrated by various workers. Freud and co-workers (1933, 1935) obtained factors from extracts of testes and human urine that augmented the effects of androgens, although possessing no androgenic activity themselves. Emmens (1938) described the presence of substances in the phenolic fraction of normal human female urine which in themselves were non-estrogenic, but when given orally, increased the potency of estriol injected subcutaneously. Emmens (1939) also demonstrated that when normal human female urine was fractionated into phenolic, neutral, and acidic fractions and each fraction was assayed separately, the sum of the potency of the fractions was about 50 per cent less than that of the original starting material or that obtained when the fractions were recombined.
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